New Seven Wonders of the World Printables

Mycenaean Civilization Essay - 1634 Words

Mycenaean Civilization The Mycenaean civilization flourished for four hundred years in the late Bronze Age before collapsing in to small bands of subsistence farmers. Some historians attribute this decline to ‘the Sea People’ who terrorized the Egyptians, Anatolians and the Hittites. But could a mysterious people who left no archeological proof of their existence really bring about the collapse of entire civilizations? Mycenaean civilization is characterized by the large palace-like buildings that they created. These huge structures contained dozens of rooms used for a variety of purposes. The rooms were used for everything from industry to meeting places and even sleeping quarters. The main function of these palatial buildings†¦show more content†¦Greek warriors depicted on Ramses III reliefs demonstrate that Mycenaean must have been carrying out raids . The Mycenaean economy depended on surplus in order to trade. To maintain that surplus, their society had to always be expanding. This made their social structure somewhat delicate and it eventually led to its collapse. The collapse was not because of a single invasion though, many factors led to it. Mycenaean civilization collapsed because of its overdependence on trade and its inherent aggressive nature and was catalyzed by invasions and natural disaster. The most common reason that historians give for the decline of Mycenaean civilization is that they were invaded by foreign peoples. The two most common people that are credited with this are the Dorians and the ‘Sea People.’ The Dorians moved in to Greece from the north-west in the late Bronze Age. Coarse pots, not as artfully crafted as Mycenaean pots, have been found in Korakou, Asine, and Mycenae . These pots have been found alongside Mycenaean IIIC pots and is evidence that the Dorians arrived in small waves and were integrated in to Mycenaean society . The Dorians were not terrible invaders that brought about the end of Mycenaean society, instead they were immigrants. The term ‘Sea People’ seems to apply to many different tribes of men. Pharaoh Merenptah refers to the Aqaiwasha as ‘Sea People’ in his victory over the Libyans in 1210bce . Ramses the third uses the term ‘Sea People’ in theShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of The Bronze Age1600 Words   |  7 PagesLong before the Romans and their empire, Greece was the major western civilization. Their dominance in the Mediterranean lasted from 1300 BCE to 300 CE. The Greeks didn’t remain stagnant for those 1600 years. Their culture was fluid, changing dramatically from where they started off. Through analysis of historical texts, we’re capable of watching as the culture changes, from monarchal rulers and a war-based society revealed in the The Iliad, to the all-for-the-polis mentality presented in The LawsRead MoreAncient Greek Religion Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesAncient Greek Religion: Mycenaean to Classical Period Ancient Greece has been a religion- centered culture since the earliest period of habitation in Greece, the Pre-Mycenaean/Mycenaean period. Also through to the Dark Ages to the Classical period. It is a religiously centered civilization, and did have significant changes in the how it was incorporated into people’s daily lives. Religion is important to know about the Ancient Greeks because through it we are able to understand how they lived theirRead More Mycenae Essay2110 Words   |  9 Pagesconcerning its involvement in the Trojan War.? Yet, just 200 years ago, people wondered whether the ancient city of Mycenae even existed.? However, archaeological work in the past two centuries has confirmed the existence and greatness of this ancient civilization.? The major finds include the city?s walls, palace, and tombs.? These discoveries provide a connection to this ancient city and make it come to life again today. ?Our first knowledge of Mycenae came from Greek legends written by ancient poetsRead MoreEssay about Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer1702 Words   |  7 PagesHomer’s depictions led Schliemann to this site which correctly dated to the estimated time of the Trojan War. However, the riches dated back far before the Trojan War. Schliemann also felt it was necessary to uncover evidence of a contemporary civilization on the mainland of Greece to restore the account of the Achaean attackers of Troy. To find the locations, he used the Iliad, the Odyssey, and an account of Greece during the second century written by Pausanias, a Greek traveler and geographer ofRead Morecomparing and contrasting Odysseus and Percy Jackson879 Words   |  3 Pagesthan Percy was. Percy and Odysseus s self-confidence inequality was a result of their different cultural backgrounds. Odysseus lived between 750 and 650 B.C. in Ithaca, or the Mycenaean Civilization, where monarchy was extremely common. Odysseus grew up in the heritage of the monarchy and was appointed king of his civilization at a very young age, correspondingly boosting his self-esteem (Homer 14). Earth sounds my wisdom, and high heaven my fame.† said Odysseus proving his confident, rather boastfulRead MoreEpic Poems By Homer Tell The Tails Of Mighty Greeks1750 Words   |  7 Pagesactual kingdom within the Mycenaean civilization in Bronze Age Greece. The kingdom of Pylos in South Greece was centered in the town of Pylos and from there controlled its territory within the Messenia region of Greece. Peloponnesus is a peninsula connected to main land Greece by the Isthmus of Corinth in south Greece (fig. 1) (â€Å"Peloponnesus.†). Messenia is a region on the area of Peloponnesus in the south West (â€Å"Messenia.†). Within the ancient region of Messenia, the Mycenaean center of Pylos can beRead More The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: Underwater Archaeology at its Finest1545 Words   |  7 Pageswere from the island of Cyprus. The pottery was similar to those found throughout Canaan. Also in the wreck, there were logs of blackwood which grew in primarily Africa. There were also glass ingots that were the same as glass found in Egypt and Mycenaean Greece. In addition, there was ivory from elephants and hippopotamus primarily from Syria. Since all of these items were on one trading vessel, archaeologists were able to determine that there was â€Å"a vast trade network was well established amongRead MoreArt History: Mask of Agamemnon1769 Words   |  8 Pagesbe the mask of Ag amemnon. This has brought up endless debates about the authenticity of the mask. The mask is said to be one of Schliemanns forgeries. Some scholars claim the mask is too new or does not have any qualities that prove that it is Mycenaean. It is difficult to know whether the mask is authentic or fake. William A. Calder and David A. Traill are two archeologists who challenge the authenticity of the mask. They have come up with arguments that try to prove the mask is a forgery. SomeRead MoreThe Trojan War - Fact or Fiction?1674 Words   |  7 Pagesrevealed that all roads in the country led to Mycenae, indicating that it was the centre of Greek civilization and therefore also the political centre Ââ€" any expedition led against Troy would have been led by powerful Mycenae. From archaeological evidence gained over many years it is known that Mycenae had a warlike culture. Mycenaean warriors have been found buried with forty to fifty swords, and Mycenaean artifacts found have a common m ilitary theme. During the Bronze Age, there is evidence that theRead MoreEssay about The Historic Accuracy of Homer’s Iliad2923 Words   |  12 Pagesmisidentified the time period, being earlier than the Bronze Age which was around 1250 BC . Schliemann was one of the first archaeologists to uncover some of the truths to Homers Iliad such as identifying the layers of Troy and connecting evidence of the Mycenaean civilisation with the Trojan War which proves a number of things in the Iliad correct. Further studies have taken place since Schliemann’s death and have revealed even more amazing finds relating with the Trojan War. Homers Iliad is based on

Business Sustainability Water; Sun and Fuel

Question: Discuss about the Business Sustainability for Water, Sun and Fuel. Answer: Introduction In an ordinary thinking, one could think that businesses operate independently and have nothing to do with the society and the natural environment they operate in. Imagine a situation where there was no source of energy: water; sun and fuel. Businesses could not operate. This is because in one way or the other they depend on these important resources to run their operations. Interestingly, all these resources are from the natural environment and they are never enough. In a simple way, this contracts the idea of business independence and confirms that they depend on the natural environment for their survival. From my course, sustainable business the idea that business, society and natural environment cannot be isolated because at a certain point they all intersect is confirmed. Learned Concepts Personally, before joining this course, it did not make alot of sense to me that business activities could have some serious impact to the society and natural environment. It seemed a normal thing to scramble and acquire as more resources as possible. The more businesses depend on these resources without being responsible, the sooner they get depleted and they could not continue with their normal operations (Moyeen Courvisanos, 2012). This is because the resources will be exhausted. This is the reason as to why I have come to consider the concept of business sustainability to be very important. The following sustainability themes have helped grasp the concept of business sustainability: triple bottom line, six forms of capital used by business, six phases of business approaches to sustainability and businesses leading in engaging in sustainable business. Triple bottom line: According to Andrew (2006, pg 47) triple bottom line is an accounting concept used to measure the performance of corporate bodies including businesses, nonprofit making organizations and government corporations. Unlike the traditional way of measuring performance in terms of profits and returns to the business, this concept goes beyond that. It also takes into account, the environmental and social factors. This theme of business sustainability has helped me learn how important profits, people and natural environment are to a business. This is because I am now able to understand how the three, namely: business, people and natural environment interact. While the natural environment is a source of energy and raw materials, people provide labour and market for goods and services. This means therefore that the success of business greatly depends on how well the three are interrelated (Cameron Quinn, 2006). This understanding will help me pay particular attention to de veloping different measures to help protect environment and empowering the society in which the business operates. Six forms of capital used by business: Capitalism is not just about financial capital. This is because business does not only rely on finances. There are other kinds of capital and that include: external economic capital, natural capital, human capital, social capital and constructed capital. Because of this important theme, I am able to learn that business cannot depend on financial capital alone to survive. For instance, the business where require a physical environment where to build a factory. This may have an impact on the real estate price. In addition, human capital provides the required skill, knowledge and experience to run the business (Wells, 2011). In simple terms, at the end of the course I will be able to quantify and value the other forms of capital as I do with financial capital. This is to ensure that the business values other forms of capital as it does with financial capital. This is important in ensuring that the business is sustained and financial gains maintaine d as the society and natural environment gain (Potts, 2010). Six phases of business approaches to sustainability: From the knowledge gained in this unit, I have also come to learn that achieving business sustainability is not a reactive approach but rather a step by step approach. The specific phases to ensuring business sustainability include: rejection, non-responsiveness, compliance, efficiency, strategic proactivity and the sustaining corporation. Because of this, in practice I will be able to assess the specific factors that lead to rejection and non-responsiveness. This will help me establish measures to ensure compliance to sustainability while promoting organizational efficiency (Brown, 2011). This is because good measures ensure that an organization accepts regulations and guidelines and supports change. Businesses leading in engaging in sustainable business: It has also come to my attention that those companies that have good policies with regard to business sustainability are also successful and have been able to build strong world brands. Some of the companies leading in sustainability include: Ford, Starbucks, Alcoa, PepsiCo, General Electric and Nike among others (theGuardian, 2017). Many of these companies have strong accountability procedures with clear policies on human rights and natural environment protection. From these examples, I have been able to learn that the importance of developing strong policies directed at safety and diversity as well as stewardship. This is to ensure that the business not only strives to grow its profit margins but also supports the society and the natural environment in which it operates in through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities (Azapagic, 2003). Conclusion Business sustainability as a course is fundamental in helping the trainee in understanding various themes, concepts and challenges facing many organizations. This is because businesses operate, not in isolation but in support of other factors such as community and the natural environment. This course plays a significant role in providing background information with regard to business sustainability that a student can use in future practice to ensure that their businesses are sustainable and responsive to the environment they operate in. In general, to be sustainable, depends on the values that the business stands for and the prevailing regulations. References Andrew, S. (2006). The Triple Bottom Line. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Azapagic, A. (2003). Systems approach to corporate sustainability: A general management framework. Trans IChemE. Volume 81, Part B. Brown, L.R. (2011). World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse. New York: Earth Policy Institute. Cameron, K. S. Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework (rev. ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Moyeen, A. Courvisanos, J. (2012). Corporate social responsibility in Regional small and medium-sized enterprises in Australia. The Australian Journal of Regional Studies, 18 (3), 364-91. Potts, T. (2010). The natural advantage of regions: linking sustainability, innovation and regional development in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production,18, 713-725. theGuardian. (2017, April 16). Best practices in sustainability: Ford, Starbucks and more, Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/best-practices- sustainability-us-corporations-ceres Wells, G. (2011). Sustainability in Australian Business: Fundamental Principles and Practice. Wiley, Australia.

Bernard Arnault Essay Example

Bernard Arnault Essay Example Bernard Arnault Paper Bernard Arnault Paper Bernard Arnault (born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman. He is the founder, chairman, and CEO of LVMH, a large luxury goods conglomerate consisting of over fifty luxury brands, including Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Fendi. According to Forbes Magazine, Arnault is the worlds 4th and Europes richest person, with a 2011 net worth of US$41 billion. Marc Jacobs (born April 9, 1963) is an American fashion designer and the head designer for Marc Jacobs, as well as the diffusion line Marc by Marc Jacobs. Jacobs is currently the Creative Director of the French design house Louis Vuitton. In 1997, Jacobs was appointed Creative Director of luxury French fashion house, Louis Vuitton, where he created the companys first ready-to-wear line. Jacobs has collaborated with many popular artists for his Louis Vuitton collections. Vuitton has worked in conjunction with Stephen Sprouse, Takashi Murakami and most recently American artist Richard Prince and rapper Kanye West. As of 2011, Jacobs remains the Creative Director for Louis Vuitton. Marc Jacobs has the midas touch and an innate ability to design clothes that people want to wear. Whether he designs a satchel or a shoe its always something everyone wants. From grunge to prom, from private jet to Tokyo nightclub, he has an outfit that suits. His workload includes Marc Jacobs, Marc by Marc and Louis Vuitton a titanic selection of back to back collections but he still has time to build a world class contemporary art collection and dress in pigeon costumes at his annual fancy dress party. He has caught the fitness bug like so many male fashion designers. His muses include Sofia Coppola, Charlotte Rampling, Winona Ryder, Dakota Fanning, Victoria Beckham all have been photographed by Juergen Teller for Marc Jacobs ad campaigns (Mrs Beckham was hidden inside a Marc Jacobs shop bag after Juergen persuaded her that she was just a product). John Stuart, former CEO of Quaker, once said, if this company were split up, I would give you the property, plant and equipment and I would take the brands and trademarks and I would fare better. This commonly held belief illustrates the immense value of the brand today, but how do you create and manage a star brand? Perhaps this question is relatively easy for marketing and brand managers, but what about at board level, where the buck really stops? Bernard Arnault, Chairman of LVMH (Louis Vuitton, Moi t Hennessy , the worlds largest maker of luxury goods), appears to have some of the answers. LVMH is a paradox in itself. A company that makes and sells products that nobody actually needs. A recipe for disaster? A managers nightmare? Far from it LVMHs combined revenue was estimated at $11 billion in 2001, with a market capitalization of $27 billion. With Arnault at the helm, this organization has gone from a small clothing manufacturer on the verge of ruin to a conglomerate of nearly 50 star brands including Dom Perignon, TAG Heuer and Christian Dior. According to Arnault, one key to success is his management technique. The process of creating a star brand begins with radical innovation and, for that, artists must be totally free from financial or marketing concerns. He firmly believes that If you think and act like a typical manager around creative people with rules, policies, data on customer preferences, and so forth you will quickly kill their talent. It is only later, when the product is being manufactured, that he introduces the strict, almost militant processes that ensure profitability. Take, for example, John Galliano and his dresses made out of newspaper surely the most impractical product imaginable. But when they were sent down the cat-walk, Arnault did not bat an eyelid. Consequently, when Dior sold dresses in newspaper-printed fabric for a considerable profit, Arnault was proved right. Star brands, in his opinion, are in themselves a paradox. They must simultaneously be timeless, modern, fast-growing and highly profitable. Arnault is keenly aware of the crucial role he plays in creating such an entity. He observes how many brands have the potential to be stars but they are poorly managed, and by this we are not talking of the marketing manager alone the problem often runs through the heart of most major organizations. If you continually pose these questions to consumers and analyze the findings, it becomes increasingly simple to pick up on small irritations or concerns that, in the future, could present massive problems for your brand. (2) See the brand as both an object and a person. Viewing the brand as an object increases the value of analysis and plays a fundamental and consistent role you are selling something to people. On the other hand, the brand as a person enables you to understand the delivery of this role and how well it fits into your corporate culture. This way you can become involved with the projection and promotion of the brand without ever losing sight of the bigger picture. (3) Look at brand promise to enable successful advertising.

The Transition of Russia to Capitalism

The Transition of Russia to Capitalism Russia, in an attempt to end communism and adopt capitalism, engaged herself in a number of reforms after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or the Soviet Union). Beginning late 1980s, the new nation started massive economic reforms aimed at relieving the state ownership of the process of production and encouraging private and corporate ownership of the process.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Transition of Russia to Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Backed by the west, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the Russian government, under Boris Yeltsin and his group of young advisors, started the Neo-Liberalism, a transition period that would see the country undergo massive privatization, liberalization and stabilization (Kosals, 2006). Nevertheless, Russia’s economy faced serious problems and failed to achieve the capitalism dream as planned, instead it fa ced rapid decline, increased corruption and reduction in vital state gains (Kosals, 2006). Scholars have identified a number of issues that faced the transition of the Russian economy to capitalism, causing the decline. Scholars state that Russia failed to achieve a dynamic capitalist economy and instead, it achieved a malevolent form of capitalism known as â€Å"crony capitalism† or â€Å"mafia capitalism† (Abdelal, 2001). The cause of the problem is based on the process of expropriation of the state assets initially controlled by the state during the Soviet Union era. A small group of people, probably less than 100, appropriated the state assets during the transition period. They were individuals with strong connection with powerful state officials and integrated into criminal groups or clans. They developed notorious oligarchs with an aim of making money through banking and trade (Guriev Rachinsky, 2005). To achieve this, they took the advantage of the poor legal f ramework developed during the transition period, which allowed them to siphon off enormous profits from the state assets and transfer them to offshore accounts (Guriev Rachinsky, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic advisors and policy makers behind the transition to capitalism failed to note the need for strong and effective legal frameworks for ensuring a smooth and directed transfer of state assets to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). Russia failed to have in place effective anti-corruption laws, institutions and the will to deal with the oligarchs. It seems that both the western advisors and Yeltsin’s group of young advisors overlooked the important impact of developing a legal framework to regulate and monitor the transition (Abdelal, 2001). In turn, the oligarchs obtained huge profits through appropriation, especially by deriving gain s the state fuel and metal industries on the world markets. The primary problem was that the oligarchs made almost no investment in the country, leaving the country in a poor state of investment, even in the gas, oil and metallurgical industries that were supporting the economy (Abdelal, 2001). As a result, fuel and mineral production declined and the existing reserves increasing became depleted (Exhibit 1). Poor investment meant that exploitation of new ventures and reserves derailed (Kosals, 2006). Thirdly, the Yeltsin advisors overlooked the need for investing in the infrastructure, communication, transport and agriculture. Instead, much of the investments were in small industries such as services, catering and trade (Exhibit 2). The new capitalist enterprises were often small and unincorporated private companies that were unable to make large profits or pay high wage levels (Exhibit 3). The neoliberalism used in the transition period has also been cited as one of the major facto rs that caused the decline of the economy and failure to achieve a functional capitalism economy. In particular, the Russian government and policy makers applied neo-liberal shock therapy, where there was all shock and no therapy. In particular, price liberalization destroyed Russia’s working capital for its enterprises (Abdelal, 2001). The country also embarked on the liberalization of the administration-command system by dismantling it, but this only deprived investment finance while restrictive financial policies increased the cost of credit and over-valuation of the exchange rate.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Transition of Russia to Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cheap imports were excessive in the Russian market because of the freeing of international trade, while lack of legal regulation of privatization allowed criminals to expropriate the valuable state assets (Abdelal, 2001). Who is to blame for Russia’s failed transition? In fact, a number of forces are to blame for the problems facing Russia’s transition to capitalism and the detrimental consequences on the economy and social system. First, Russia’s history is partly to blame, considering the complexity of the communist system between 1917 and 1989, where the Soviet Union controlled and owned the process of production (Abdelal, 2001). State corporations had been the key to economic development, which achieved its peak during the mid-20th century. In addition, the previous regimes (before the collapse of the USSR) concentrated more on military expenditure, especially during the cold war. The military consumed huge percentages of the nation’s budget, with the state of Russia being the major financier of the budget. The country was deprived of capital for investment as well as social development because the military and foreign affairs were more important to the cold war USSR than other sectors of the economy. Thus, it was necessary to ensure that these forces were controlled and dismantled before privatization. An in-depth analysis of the situation in Russia during the transition may indicate that the Yeltsin government is to blame for its lack of vision and ability to tackle the social and historical problems before embarking on rapid transition process. For instance, the regime failed to implement and institute effective legal frameworks for controlling and regulating the process of privatization (Abdelal, 2001). Had the country embarked on the effective legal system, the oligarchs would have lacked the opportunity to embezzle the country’s finances.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yeltsin’s advisors, especially the group of young economists and political scientists hired by the presidency to oversee the transition process, failed to note the need for a slow but effective transfer of the economy from state control to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). They believed in a rapid and haste transition, probably aiming to copy the west, without noting the negative impacts of rapid loss of state control of the transition process. In fact, critics of neo-liberalism have shown the differences between Russia and other formerly socialist/communist nations like China, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. These states embarked on a slow but effective process governed by law and retaining state strong state control of the market system during their transition periods. In addition, countries such as China used restrictive laws to preside over a dynamic transition based on a dynamic growth based on investments in infrastructure, manufacturing, education, health, mining, technology and processing industries (Exhibit 4). Thus, Russia’s inability to take such steps failed the transition process, eventually destroying the once vibrant economy. Moreover, Yeltsin’s lack of involvement of all the state organs such as the legislature and the continued allocation of huge sums of money to the military after the collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to the failures in the economic transition process. For example, Yeltsin’s government sought to structure the government while also undertaking the rapid transition system (Kosals, 2006). Politics inferred with the economic reforms during the period, especially after Yeltsin announced rapid reforms in the legislature, including a snap parliamentary election after dissolving the legislature. There massive protests as most parliamentarians objected the move and refused to leave the parliament buildings, but Yeltsin used the military to remove them. After these events, the political will to oversee a smo oth and effective transition failed greatly because the presidency was not willing to involve the legislature, which made it difficult to enact and implement effective laws to reduce the impact of the oligarchs (Kosals, 2006). The government further failed to impose hard budget constraints on several traditional enterprises while also failing to provide both direct and indirect credits as well as subsidies to the companies facing collapse. Years after the collapse of the communist union, the state bodies, especially at the local and regional levels, have continued to place bureaucratic limitations permitting such issues as private land ownership and agreements for shared resource exploitation (Kosals, 2006). Moreover, the government is yet to show significance commitment to encourage the establishment of the rule of law in order to secure property rights, trade contracts and reduce the degree of corruption. What should be done? To reverse the effects of the shock therapy and the fai led transition, Russia should embark on a new system governed by the rule of law. First, it must enact and implement strong and effective anti-corruption laws in order to secure the economy from distractors such as economic cartels that own the production process. Such laws should be used to control the private ownership of corporations and control of major economic sectors. Secondly, laws should be put in place to ensure investment in importance economic sectors such as banking, oil, metallurgic, communication, transport mining and processing industry. Infrastructure development must be given priority in the national budget in order to encourage large-scale investments while also cutting the amounts of resources spent on military expenditure (Kosals, 2006). In addition, the government must reduce the reliance on traditional enterprises and encourage foreign direct investment while also reducing the entry of cheap products from foreign markets in order to save the local industries f rom excessive losses. Bailing out of the loss-making corporations should further be enhanced in order to prevent economic crisis. Appendix Figure 1: Key economic indicators in the transition-era Russia Figure 2: The collapsing rate of investment during the transition period Figure 3: The increasing rate of unemployment during the transition era Figure 4: Russia’s GDP trend during the transition References Abdelal, R. E. (2001). Russia: The end of a time of troubles? Harvard, MA: Harvard Business School. Burawoy, M. (2002). Transition without transformation: Russia’s involutionary road to capitalism. Locating Capitalism in Time and Space: Global Restructurings, Politics and Identity, 269-90. Guriev, S., Rachinsky, A. (2005). The role of oligarchs in Russian capitalism. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 131-150. Kosals, L. (2006). Interim outcome of the Russian transition: clan capitalism. Kyoto Institute of Economic Research Working Paper, 610.

Accounting Systems Design & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Accounting Systems Design & Development - Essay Example Therefore, in an organization a steering committee plays the role of a decision maker (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010, p. 420). In the context of a system development project, the roles of the steering committee are as follows: The steering committee takes the responsibility for the feasibility of the project, developing the business plan. It ensures the scope of the project aligns with the need of the customers or the stakeholder groups. The steering committee also assists in the process of evaluation of project risks and the approaches of project risk management. The committee also provides guidance to those involved directly in the project. The guidance is offered mainly in the field of business issues related to the success of the project. (b) Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of phased-in and direct switch-over implementation strategies. Solution: Phased-in implementation can be defined as a process of changeover from a preexisting system to a new one. The phased-in strategy has to move across a number of stages in order actually implement it. Advantages: Through the phased-in implementation process, it is possible to develop an overall implementation plan and further test it in small scale employing the production data. Apart from that, it also ensures establishing tractable and reasonable measures of success. Furthermore, it institutionalizes the process as it takes place. The changes in the process of implementation can be easily incorporated in the strategy through the process of familiarization. Also, the team members become the actual functional owners. The changes in this process are gradual and, therefore, easy to get accustomed to. Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of phased-in implementation strategy is that the process of implementation is very much time-consuming. Also, the implementation strategy is comparatively slower than the direct implementation strategy. The implementation process differs on a project-to-project basis. The impac ts of the implementation are not visible readily and have to wait till the results appear. In this implementation strategy, it is very difficult to maintain the momentum of the team members until and unless a situation of urgency is reached. Direct Switch over Implementation Strategy The direct switch over implementation strategy is about the direct switchover from the old system to the new system (ISRD group, 2006, p. 315). Some of the advantages and disadvantages are illustrated below: Advantages: The process of implementation is extremely fast as compared to the other forms of implementation strategies. Sometimes, the implementation process is completed within a week or is implemented overnight. Disadvantages: Sometimes, huge delays may occur due to absence of any scope of reverting. The system becomes unfamiliar to the user. It does not provide any option by which the old and new systems can be compared. 2. Using the Table provided, classify the following control activities as g eneral or application and explain your reasoning, (a) Employees have a password to gain access to the system. (b) When sales are entered the system retrieves customer details based on the customer number. (c) A check is performed to identify if all cheques can be accounted for. (d) Systems development is subject to signoff by the CIO before it can take place. (e) Virus definitions are updated daily. (f) The Sales Manager must approve all discounts

Critical Annotated Bibliography Tranexamic Acid Essay

Critical Annotated Bibliography Tranexamic Acid - Essay Example Amandip Singh is also a doctor in the department of anaesthesiology at DMCH. The researchers assert that tranexamic acid significantly decreases blood loss after operation and reduces the need for blood transfusion among students after undergoing total knee replacement (TKR).According to the researchers, Tranexamic acid, which is a synthetic derivative of amino acid lysine, is an effective antifibrinolytic agent. The acid is may reversibly block lysine-binding sites on the plasminogen molecules, thus hinder the formation of plasmin. Other researchers have showed increased use of tranexamic acid in orthopaedic surgery due to its safety, efficacy and low cost. The research was conducted in a tertiary health care facility after obtaining approval from the hospital heath ethics committee with informal consent taken from patients involved in the study. The researchers used randomized double-blinded study involving 40 patients scheduled to undergo unilateral TKR for osteoarthritis. Three s urgeons who had experience in the field to ensure validity of the test conducted the study. The first half of the population was injected with 10mg/kg of tranexamic acid. Conversely, the placebo group underwent the same procedure only that normal saline was used instead of tranexamic acid. ... It was concluded that routine administration of the acid was beneficial to patients undergoing operation. The limitation of the research is that it involved a limited number of populations. Also, the researchers did not monitor the plasminogen levels, D-dimer, thromboelastography, and fibrin degradation products. In addition, the researchers failed to measure hemoglobin levels of transfused blood and weigh sponges, which could have affected the accuracy of calculations. The text did not have sufficient clinical evidence and literature supporting the use of tranexamic acid in preventing preoperative blood loss. The relevance and usefulness of the text to my research is that it informed on the importance of the Tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during operations in patients. Sekhavat, L., Tabatabaii, A., Dalili, M., Farajkhoda, T., & Tafti, A. (2009). Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. The Journal Of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Vol. 22(1), 72-75. The authors of this research journal are medical practitioners at the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Shahod Sehud Hospita, and Health Services, Yard, Iran. They have the ability to produce credible research that can be used in any academic research. The argument presented by the researchers is that cesarean section (CS) rate has been on the increase among women delivering and that CS posse many complications as compared to the normal vaginal birth due to complications related to postpartum bleeding. The medications that have been used to reduce bleeding include prostaglandins, oxytocin, and methylergonovine. The researchers however feel that tranexamic acid, a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine that has been applied for several years in the